Modal Verbs
الأفعال الناقصة تستخدم للتعبير عن شئ حدث بالفعل أو شئ كان من المستحيل أن يحدث أو عندما لا نعرف إذا كان الشيء حدث أم لا:-
Present Past
must be لابد انه يكون must have + pp لابد أنه كان
can’t be لابد انه لا يكون can’t have + pp لابد أنه لم يكن
could be يمكن أن يكون could have + pp كان من الممكن أن
might be ربما يكون might have + pp ربما أنه كان
h must be = I’m sure…
تعبر عن يقين مثبت في زمن المضارع مبنى على الاستنتاج:-
تعبر عن استنتاج مثبت في زمن المضارع:-
Ü She speaks English all the time. She must be British.
= I’m sure she is British.
Ü You’ve been travelling all day. You must be tired.
= I’m certain that you are tired.
Ü He laughs a lot. He must be happy.
= I think he is definitely happy.
################################
h must have + PP
تعبر عن يقين مثبت في زمن الماضي مبنى على الاستنتاج:-
Ü The phone rang, but he didn’t hear it. He must have been asleep.
= I’m sure that he was asleep.
Ü I made a lot of noise when I came home. You must have heard me.
= I’m certain that you heard me.
Ü He knows Paris very well. He must have lived there.
= I think he definitely lived there.
Ü My friend stayed in hospital for week. He must have been ill.
= I think he was definitely ill.
Ü The fox ran like mad. It must have been frightened.
= I’m nearly certain it was frightened.
################################
h can’t be = It’s impossible…
تعبر عن يقين منفى في زمن المضارع مبنى على الاستنتاج:-
Ü She speaks English all the time. She can’ be Egyptian.
= It’s impossible that she is Egyptian.
Ü You’ve just had dinner. You can’t be hungry now.
= It’s impossible that you are hungry.
Ü He doesn’t speak Arabic. He can’t be Egyptian.
= It’s impossible that he is Egyptian.
Ü There was still treasure in the cave. Robbers can’t have stolen anything.
= I think they didn’t steal anything.
################################
h can’t have + PP
تعبر عن يقين منفى في زمن الماضي مبنى على الاستنتاج:-
Ü She passed me in the street without speaking. She can’t have seen me.
= It was impossible that she saw me.
Ü Tom walked into the wall. He can’t have been looking where he was going.
= It was impossible that he was looking where he was going.
Ü The door is locked. Ali can’t have arrived yet.
= It was impossible that he arrived.
Ü My friend fell into a hole. He can’t have seen it.
= I’m sure he didn’t see it.
################################
h could be = It’s possible / I’m not very sure…
تعبر عن شئ محتمل في زمن المضارع:-
Ü She could be Italian. I’m not very sure.
= It’s possible that she is Italian, but I’m not sure.
################################
h could have + PP
تعبر عن شئ محتمل في زمن الماضي:-
Ü The train could have left earlier than usual. I don’t know.
= It’s possible that the train left earlier than usual.
Ü The thief could have escaped through the window.
= It’s possible that the thief escaped through the window.
################################
h might be / may be = It’s possible, but I don’t think so.
تعبر عن مجرد احتمال حدوث شئ في زمن المضارع:-
Ü He might be a doctor. I’m not sure if he can help the injured man.
= It’s possible that he is a doctor, but I don’t think so.
################################
h might / may have + PP
تعبر عن مجرد احتمال حدوث شئ في زمن الماضي:-
Ü The thief might have broken into the flat at midnight.
= It’s possible that the thief broke into the flat, but I don’t think so.
Ü The thief jumped out of the window. He might have broken his leg.
= It’s possible that the thief broke his leg, but I don’t think so.
################################
General Examples
Ü Tariq’s leg is bleeding and his bicycle is lying beside him. (must)
= He must have fallen off his bicycle.
= He must have made an accident.
Ü Zeinab is standing outside the door of her house. It’s hot and she is looking at
her watch. (Her parents must…)
= Her parents must have gone out.
Ü The ground is very dry. The farmer seems very worried as the crops aren’t
growing well. (can’t)
= It can’t have rained.
Ü Rafeek has just come home from a football match. He looks very sad. (Rafeek’s team…)
= Rafeek’s team must have lost the match.
= Rafeek’s team can’t have won the match.
Ü Rania is reading the examination paper results on the school notice board. She
looks very pleased. (Rania must…)
= Rania must have passed the exam.
Ü Ahmad was not at home. He travelled abroad. (must)
= Ahmad must have travelled abroad.
Ü The man didn’t speak Arabic. He was not Egyptian. (can’t)
= The man can’t have been Egyptian.
Ü I’m sure that Tamer isn’t over forty. (can’t)
= Tamer can’t be over forty.
Ü I’m sure that Samy feels lonely. (must)
= Samy must be lonely.
Ü I’m sure that the cat is in the house somewhere. (must)
= The cat must be in the house somewhere.
Ü I’m sure that Tom isn’t the killer. (can’t)
= Tom can’t be the killer.
Ü Perhaps the missing boy has run away from home. (might)
= The missing boy might have run away from home.
Ü It’s possible that Karem didn’t receive our letter. (Karem couldn’t…)
= Karem couldn’t have received our letter.
Ü It’s possible that the thief had a key. (The thief couldn’t…)
= The thief couldn’t have had a key.
Ü He didn’t press the wrong button. That was impossible. (couldn’t have)
= He couldn’t have pressed the wrong button.
Ü Perhaps he has missed the train. (might)
= He might have missed the train.
Ü It’s possible that the driver didn’t see the warning sign. (couldn’t have…)
= The driver couldn’t have seen the warning sign.
Ü The computer didn’t make a mistake. (The computer couldn’t…)
= The computer couldn’t have made a mistake.
Ü I’m sure that he is pleased. He got high marks. (must)
= He must have got high marks.
Ü It’s possible that he didn’t send her an invitation. (He couldn’t…)
= He couldn’t have sent her an invitation.
Ü It’s certain that he lost his wallet while running after the bus. (He must…)
= He must have lost his wallet while running after the bus.
################################
Enrichment Exercises
1. He ran quickly home. He was late. (must have)
2. He was here a minute ago. It is impossible for him to go out. (can’t have)
3. I’m not sure if she is British or not. (might be)
4. It’s impossible that the film was boring. (couldn’t have)
5. He is definitely asleep because he doesn’t answer the telephone. (must)
6. Janet didn’t come to the party. I’m sure she was too busy. (must have)
7. Adel didn’t congratulate Nader on his success. Surely he didn’t hear about it. (can’t have)
8. Sally didn’t hear the phone. Definitely the TV was too loud. (must have)
9. He lost a lot of money. I’m sure he isn’t happy. (can’t)
10. It’s possible that he will win the prize. (may)
11. The boys have been playing football all afternoon. I’m sure they are tired. (must)
12. She doesn’t look like Mary. I’m sure she isn’t her sister. (can’t)
13. He drove all the way from Matruh. Obviously it was along tiring journey. (must have)
14. He looks very ill. I’m sure he isn’t feeling well. (can’t)
15. The street is dreadfully busy. I’m sure it’s the rush hour. (must)
16. It’s a very well-known boat. I’m sure you have read about it. (must have)
17. His car is in the garage. I’m sure he hasn’t taken it. (can’t have)
18. It’s still early. I’m sure it isn’t ten o’clock. (can’t)
19. You look very well. It seemed you enjoyed your journey. (must have)
20. I think he sent the letters by air mail. I received them in a very short time.
(must)
21. The police believe that the robbers didn’t break into the bank. All the side doors were safely locked. (can’t)
22. The boys must have been late. They lost the 10 o’clock train. (I think)
23. I can’t find my ticket. I think I left it at home. (must)
24. he looks happy. I’m definitely certain he won the match. (must)
25. I’m sure she didn’t win the prize. She is sad. (can’t)
26. She didn’t make the mistake. (can’t)
27. Something must have taken place between them. (I think…)
28. I think he was at yesterday’s meeting. (must)
29. The fox must have run into the cave. (definitely)
30. I think she is unhappy; she is crying. (can’t)
بسكووتةالأربعاء سبتمبر 21, 2011 6:30 pm