مدرس اون لايندخول

مستر رمضان عيسي كل القواعد فى 6 ورقات

1 The Present Simple المضارع البسيط
* يتكون زمن المضارع البسيط من (التصريف الأول للفعل)
الكلمات الدالة توضع قبل الفعل مباشرة
always/usually/often/sometimes/rarely never
لاحظ التالي
1-It is his habit to get up early.(usually)
He usually gets up early.
2-She never does her work well (do)
She doesn’t do her work.
ينفى المضارع البسيط ب­­­­
doesn’t
don’t المصدر
never التصريف الأول للفعل
لتحويل المضارع البسيط من المعلوم الى الى المجهول نستخدم
am
is p.p.
are
5. Mazen writes a wonderful letter.
(A wonderful letter)
A wonderful letter is written.
2 The Present Continuous
يتكون زمن المضارع المستمر
am
is v+ ing
are
يستخدم عند وجود ترتيب مستقبلى لشىء ما arrangement ))
يستخدم فى وجود الكلمات التالية
Now /still /at present /at this moment / look /listen
لتحويل المضارع المستمر من المعلوم الى الى المجهول نستخدم
am
is being + p.p.
are
1. Heba is making her bed. (Heba's bed)
Heba's bed is being made.
تذكر لا يجب استحدام افعال الحواس والعاطفة فى الازمنة المستمرة


3 The Past Simple الماضى البسيط
* يتكون زمن المضارع البسيط من (التصريف الثاني)
الكلمات الدالة
last/ ago /yesterday /once/ past
(USED)
تكون بمعنى( تستخدم) في الحالات التالية (الفاعل غير عاقل)
الوسيلة (is-are) used to + المصدر
- A thermometer is used to measure temperature.
(is-are) used for +ing الوسيلة
- Thermometers are used for measuring temperature.
تكون بمعنى( اعتاد أن ) في الحالات التالية ( الفاعل عاقل) وتدل على عادة كانت تحدث ولم تعد تحدث الآن
- When I was young, I lived in Aga. (used)
-When I was young, I used to live in Aga
REMEMBER
It's..habit = (is-are)used to + ing
It was..habit =used to + المصدر

- It's her habit to get up early. (used) (usually)
…………………………………………………………………
لتحويل الماضي البسيط من المعلوم الى الى المجهول نستخدم
was
were p.p.
-Ghada bought a new car.(A new..
4. THE PAST CONTINUOUS الماضى المستمر
While الأقدم الأحدث
Just as + فاعل + was/were + v+ing, فاعل + تصريف ثانى-While I was playing, my father came. (When)

في حالة استمرار حدثين لفترة في الماضي لم (يقطع ) احد اهما الآخر نستخدم
(while) + فاعل + was/were + v+ing , فاعل + was/were + v+ing

-While I was watching TV, my sister was doing her work.
(v+ing) نستخدم (While في حالة عدم وجود فاعل بعد (
-While playing football, I fell down.
REMEMBER
1-While I was spending my summer holiday, I met my old friends.
-During (spending) my summer holiday, I met my old friends
2 -While I was going back home, I saw Nora.
- On my way back home, I saw Nora.
في حالة وجود فترة زمنية محددة في الماضي نستخدم المستمر وليس البسيط
-Wafaa waited Eman yesterday.
-Wafaa was waiting Eman at 10 o'clock yesterday
5.THE PRESENT PERFECT المضارع التام
يتكون من
have
p.p.
has
الكلمات الدالة
already/just/lately/ so far/since for/yet/ever/never
REMEMBER
[since / for ] بدلا من (ago في حالة استخدام
إذا كانت الجملة مثبتة
الفاعل+ began to + مصدر(فترة زمنية) ago

1– Amira has been learning English since 1995. [ago]
إذا كانت الجملة منفية

الفاعل + last + تصريف2…… (فترة زمنية) ago

2 – I haven't studied English for five years [ago]
It is (مدة زمنية) +since +الفاعل+ تصريف2

3–I visited Luxor two years ago [since]
…………………………………………………………………
في حالة وجود جملتان إحداهما في الماضي البسيط والأخرى نستخدم( still , yet تحتوى على
الفاعلhave /has +been +ing …since
5 –He traveled to Alexandria last year and he is still there [since]
…………………………………………………………………
6– It began to rain in the morning and it is still raining [all day]

has been= visited (went and returned) ذهب و عاد
has gone to = went but still there ذهب و لم يعد

7. She visited Luxor and returned. [She has]
…………………………………………………………………
is still + v+ing= have(has) +not finished+ ing…..yet.

8 – It is still raining. [yet]

have (just) +p.p = تصريف2+ a moment ago

9– He has just typed the letter [ago]
…………………………………………………………………
الفاعل haven't / hasn't + p.p + مفعول. + for + مدة زمنية
10. It is a long time since I met him.(for)
…………………………………………………………………
6.THE PAST PERFECT الماضي التام
تذكر في حالة وجود جملتين في الماضي نضع الأقدم غالبا في الماضي التام

After first action , second action
As soon as فاعل had p.p, فاعل+تصريف 2
–Doaa washed all the dishes, then she dried them. (As soon as)
…………………………………………………………………
Before second action , first action
By the time + فاعل تصريف 2 had +p.p.

– I phoned him, then I went to his hotel. [By the time]
…………………………………………………………………
second action , first action
فاعل + did not + المصدر until (till) , فاعل + had + p.p.
- After we had completed the forms we handed them in (until)
…………………………………………………………………
REMEMBER
في الحالة التالية تذكر نضع الأقدم في الماضي التام على هيئة استفهام يبدأ بفعل مساعد
No sooner had+ فاعل + than
Hardly/scarcely had فاعل + when
-He left the house. It started to rain. (No sooner )
…………………………………………………………………
after – before في حالة عدم وجود فاعل بعد (
v+ ingنستخدم
- After studying, I slept. (Before)
…………………………………………………………………
It was only when = It was n't until = after
- Rana wrote the homework, then she watched T.V.
After……………………………………………………..…
It was…………………………………that………..…
After + + فاعل had + p.p = Having + p.p
- After Rabab had cooked the food, she listened to music.
Having……………………………………………………
أدوات النكرة والمعرفة1
نستخدم a قبل الاسم المفرد الذي يعد و يبدأ بحرف ساكن
نستخدم an قبل الاسم المفرد الذي يعد و يبدأ بحرف متحرك
في سؤال الاختيار نختار اى منهما في وجود صفة ثم موصوف
Dalia is a polite girl
لاحظ التالي
a unit a uniform an umbrella an uncle
a hat an hour a European
The نستخدم
أمام الأسماء التالية
1- الأنهار و البحار و المحيطات و سلاسل الجبال 2- فصائل الحيوانات 3- تكرار الاسم مرة ثانية
4- الاختراعات بوجه عام 5- السماء الفريدة من نوعها
6- الأماكن المشهورة 7- الدول المركبة فقط 8- صيغة التفضيل 9-الآلات الموسيقية
10- عندما نقصد فكرة عامة 11-الاتجاهات الجغرافية
The لا نستخدم
أمام الأسماء التالية
1- اسم الإنسان 2 - اللغات 3 - المواد الدراسية 4- الوجبات 5 - أصناف الطعام
6- السماء التي لا تعد 7-المواد الخام 8- الأنشطة الرياضية 9- القرى المدن الدول الغير مركبة القارات 10-الألقاب المتبوعة باسم إنسا
لكن
الكلمات التالية إذا كان الذهاب إليها للغرض المبنية
the لا نستخدم أمامه
school hospital prison work bed
home = the house work = the office
Mansura university
= the university of Mansura
8. The Passive المبنى للمجهول
اذا طلب استخدام
التصريف الثالث او البدء بالمفعول
او استخدام اى شكل من اشكال (be)
فالمطلوب استخدام صيغة المبنى للمجهولعن طريق الخطوات التالية
1) حذف الفاعل
2) البدء بالمفعول
3) استخدام إحدى الصيغ التالية على حسب الزمن

مضارع am-is-are


ثابت
معكلاشكالالمجهول
ماضى was-were
مستقبل will –can-…+ be
مضارع مستمر am-is-are +being
ماضى مستمر was-were +being
مضارع تام have –has +been
ماض تام had +been
شواذ going to +be
have(had) to +be
need to + be
should have been

دائما ما نختار احدى الصيغ السابقة اذا كان فاعل الجملة لا يستطيع اداء الفعل بنفسه
- The door was mended yesterday
- The test will be answered.
REMEMBER
(say – think – report) في وجود أفعال مثل
It(is / was) said that…….جملة 2
فاعل2 (is / was) said + to المصدر (مضارع)
+ to have +p.p. ( ماضي)
1- People say Egypt won the cup.
It (is) said that Egypt won the cup.
Egypt is said to have won the cup.
2- Our national team is said to win the next match. (The paper)
need to be + p.p.= ( need + v.ing)

3 - My car broke down. (need)
-My car needed to be mended (mending)
4 -We must demolish that old house. (need)
…………………………………………………………………
5- I don’t like people cheating me.
I don’t like being cheated.
6- I don’t like people to cheat me
I don’t like to be cheated.
7- She let people deceive her.
She let herself be deceived her.
8- Open the door.
Let the door be opened. أو
The door should be opened.
9- Can you write a letter?
= Can a letter be written?
10-Did you tell Amira about the accident?
Was Amira told about the accident?
11. Where did you buy this shirt?
Where was this shirt bought?
9. Reported Speech
المباشر و الغير مباشر
للتحويل من مباشر إلى غير مباشر نلاحظ التالي
لاحظ اختلاف نوع الجملة و اختلاف اداة الربط

فاعل " ............. . " تربط that

1- "I can make a cake." (Shaimaa told Aya)
Shaima'a told Aya that she could make a cake.

فعل " ................... . "تربط to مصدر

2- "Open your book , Dalia." (asked Rana)
- Rana asked Dalia to open her book.

فعل مساعد " ................. ? " تربط if

3- "Can you swim, Ahmed?" (asked Amgad )
Amgad asked Ahmed if he could swim.
-"Did you make a cake, Reham?" (asked Salwa)
Salwa asked Reham if she had made a cake

اداة استفهام " ............ ? " تربط بنفس الاداة

4-" How old are you, Shorok ?" (asked Ahmed)
Ahmed asked Shorok how old she was.
5 - "Why did you come late, Shereen?" (asked the teacher )
The teacher asked Shereen why she had come late.




REMEMBER
يحول المضارع الى ماض بشرط ان لا يكون-1
فعل القول في المضارع
جملة القول حقيقة
وجود ((just now
(do /does /did) تحذف - 2
had + p.p إلى did مع تحويل
- "Did you phone Eman, Dalia?" (asked Rana)
…………………………………………………………………
not to مع استخدام(Do not) تحذف - 3
- She said to her sister, "Don't play in the street." (to) …………………………………………………………………
4- تحول هذه الكلمات
Today = that day
yesterday = the last day tomorrow = the next day
this = that

5- في سؤال الاختيار
دائما نختار الاجابة المرتبة فاعل ثم فعل مباشرة بعد اداة الربط
نستبعدالاجابة التى تحتوى على do /does/did
REMEMBER
1. Father said to me. "If you get full marks, I'll give a valuable present."
(Father promised)
Father promised to give me a valuable present if I get full marks.
Now Answer
1. " I will give you a prize Asmaa." (Father promised)
2. Let's go shopping " (Reham suggested

If
0-The zero conditional
If(present simple),(present simple)
If water freezes, it turns into ice
لا تستخدم هذه الحالة إلا مع الحقائق و التجارب العلمية فقط .
1. Boiling water leads to evaporation. If……………………………………………..………………
.1-The first conditional
If (present simple), (will + inf)
If you study hard, you will succeed
لا تستخدم هذه الحالة إلا
وجود حدثين في المستقبل .
- It will rain, so will take a taxi.
If………………………………………….
وجود ما يدل على الاحتمال .
- Perhaps Azza will marry next week .In that case, she'll invite us.
If…………………………………………

.2-The second conditional
If (past simple), (would + inf)
If you studied hard, you would succeed
لا تستخدم هذه الحالة إلا
1- وجود حدثين في المضارع المنفى .
1- She does not get up early so, she doesn't catch the bus. (If)
2- I'm not rich so, I can't buy a car . (If.)
2- صيغة نصيحة ((If I were you ,I'd
3- I advice you to study hard. (If)
REMEMBER
1- السبب ياتى بعد IF (بعد because - قبل so)
2- تحول (am –is – are) إلى ( were ) بعد (if) و (be) بعد (would )
3- المثبت منفى و المنفى مثبت .
.3-The third conditional

If (had + p.p.), (would have + p.p)
If you had studied hard, you would have succeeded
لا تستخدم هذه الحالة إلا
وجود حدثين في الماضي و لا يشترط النفي .
- She got up late so, she didn't catch the bus. (If)
If……………………………………………………………
-I was not rich so, I could n't buy a car. If………………………………………………….
REMEMBER
1- السبب ياتى بعد IF (بعد because - قبل so)
2- تحول (was - were) إلى ( been )
3- المثبت منفى و المنفى مثبت .
REMEMBER
كل هذه الكلمات بمعنى بشرط أن أو في حالة

Provided (that), Providing = As long as = in case of (ing) =If

He will get high marks provided that (as long as) he studies hard
Unless = If not
استخدم (IF ) أولا ثم ضع (UNLESS) بدلا منها و تذكر الاتى :
* إذا كانت جملة الشرط مثبتة تترك كما هي ونعدل في جواب الشرط بالنفي أو الإثبات .
* أما إذا كانت جملة الشرط منفية فنثبتها ونترك جواب الشرط كما هو .
1- She got up late so, she didn't catch the bus.
If …………………………………………………………
Unless …………………………………………………
2- She does not get up early so, she doesn't catch the bus.
If …………………………………………………………
Unless ……………………………………………………
شواذ

Unless = without = but for = if (not)


Without , أمر أو مضارع أو مستقبل
=
if you do not have + noun

-Without a proper study plan , it is easy to waste your time.
If you do not have a proper…………

Without , would +المصدر
=
If it weren't for +noun

- Without his apology, I wouldn't forgive him
-If it weren't for his apology, I wouldn't forgive him

Without , would have + p.p
=
If it hadn't been for + noun-----

- Without his apology, I wouldn't have forgiven him
-If it hadn't been for his apology, I wouldn't have forgiven him
REMEMBER
1- If you studied hard, you would succeed.
Unless you studied hard, you would not succeed-
- Were you to study hard, you would succeed.
- Should you study hard, you would succeed

2 - If you had studied hard, you would have succeeded.
- Unless you had studied hard, you would not have succeeded.
- Had you studied hard, you would have succeeded.

REMEMBER
1-If I had come early, I would have caught the bus. (because)
…………………………………………………………………
2-If she had been careful, she would not have made an accident. (so)
…………………………………………………………………
لحل الجمل السابقة نلاحظ ا لتالى
- السبب ياتى بعد IF (بعد because قبل so)
- تحول had +p.p.) ) الى (المصدرdid n't + اذا كانت مثبتة
- تحول ( would hav +p.p. ) الى (المصدرdid n't ) اذا كانت مثبتة
- تحول had +been) ) الى (was n't ) اذا كانت مثبتة
- تحول would hav +been). ) الى (wasn't اذا كانت مثبتة
Only 4 brilliant

1. If you park here, you'll have a ticket. (Don't)

Don't + المصدر... otherwise + الفاعل + will + …

Don't park here otherwise you'll have a ticket.


11.RELATIVECLAUSES
ضمائر الوصل
إذا كانت جملتان
1- نحذف الاسم المكرر أو الضمير الذي يشير إلى الاسم في الجملة الأولى
2- نضع ضمير الوصل أمام الجملة الثانية
ثم نضعهما بعد الاسم المشار إليه مباشرة في الجملة الأولى
1. I don't like Abdo as he tells bad jokes all the time. (who)
- I don't like Abdo who tells bad jokes all the time
إذا كانت جملتان محذوف فاعل الجملة الثانية
نضع ضمير الوصل المطلوب ثم قبل الفعل الثاني مباشرة (is – are –was –were)
1- She bought a watch made in Japan. (which)
She bought a watch which was made in Japan
إذا كانت جملة واحدة تحتوى على صفة
ثم نضع الصفة في نهاية الجملة مسبوقة بضمير الوصل
(is – are –was –were)
- I bought a new watch. (which )
I bought a watch which was new.
إذا كانت جملة واحدة لا تحتوى على صفة

It is / was اسم مناسب (ضمير وصل مناسب ) + باقي الجملة
-Bell invented the telephone .
-It was Bell who invented the telephone .
-It was the telephone which Bell invented.
Study the following
1. A bomb went off and caused a lot of damage. (which)
The bomb which went off , caused a lot of damage
2. I admire my father more than any other person. (who)
My father is the person who I admire most .
3. The captain was the last one to leave the sinking ship. (who)
-The captain was the last one who left the sinking ship .

12 UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
يمكن تقسيم الأسماء التي لا تعد إلى
سوائل معنويات على جزئيان صغيرة شواذ
water love rice maths
oil peace sugar time
juice democracy dust information
sand news
milk advice physics knowledge luggage
money
تعرف الأسماء التي لا تعد بعدم وجود اسم جمع لها حيث أنها تعامل معاملة المفرد مع ملاحظة عدم استخدام ( (many/a few/a / an ولتحويلها إلى أسماء تعد نستخدم لفظ تجزئة مثل
( an item/a piece/a bottle/ a loaf/a slice/a sheet ) of
STUDY THE FOLLOWING
1- I'd like some food, please. (a)
I'd like a piece of food, please
2- How much milk do you have?
(How many)
How many bottles of milk?
3- I want some information.(a) (an)
I want a piece of information
I want an item of information





13 Conjunctions الروابط
1-روابط التعبير عن فكرة واحة
إذا كان الفاعل مشتركا
Besides = In addition to= As well as …….+v+ing
-They reached the top and spent the night there. (Besides)
…………………………………………………………………
إذا كان الفاعل مختلفا
فاعل1+ as well as + فاعل2
(الفعل على حسب الفاعل الأول)
Both فاعل1 + and + فاعل2
( الفعل فى الجمع )
-Both Zeinab and Neveen are clever. (as well as)
…………………………………………………………………
2- روابط تبين السبب-التعليل
نتيجةbecause /since /as سبب
(فاعل + فعل)
نتيجة because of /owing to /due to سبب (v+ing=noun)
1 - He was punished because he was careless.
3 - Because he was careless he was punished.
Because of his carelessness he w as punished.
يمكن استخدام بدلا من أداة الربط على أن يكون الفاعل مشترك (v + ing)
-Being careless, he was punished.


3- روابط النتيجة
سبب consequently/ so/ that’s why/ therefore نتيجة
-He went to bed early due to his illness. (consequently )
4- روابط تبين الغرض
to – in order to – so as to المصدر (الغرض)
so that – in order that – that فاعل+(can/could)+المصدر
He is painting the room to make it brighter (so that)
…………………………………………………………………
5- روابط التناقص
Although, Though, even though + (sentence)
- Although he was strong he couldn't work hard.
However + صفة + (فاعل + فعل),....
- However clean the house was, we didn't stay in it.
صفة + as + (فاعل + فعل) ,....
-Clever as he was, he couldn't answer the question.
Whatever + noun (pronoun) +(فاعل + (فعل
1- Whatever mistakes she made, he forgave her.
2 - Whatever you say, I never mind.
In spite of/despite/for all/with all/regardless + noun (v+ing)
- Although he is wealthy, lie doesn't spend much.
- Despite his wealth(being wealthy), he doesn't spend much.
However wealthy he is, he doesn't spend much
-Wealthy as he is, he doesn't spend much.
6-روابط متنوعة
... + so + صفة+ that + ...
– He was intelligent. He understood the situation.
So + صفة + فعل +فاعل + that +
- So intelligent was the man that he understood the situation .
..such a (an) +صفة + موصوف + that
- He was such an intelligent man that he understood the situation.
Such +a (an) +صفة + موصوف + that
- Such an intelligent man was he that he understood the situation.
صفة + enough + to + مصدر
-The man was so intelligent that he understood the situation. (enough)
..too + صفة + to + مصدر
-The ceiling is very high. He can't touch it.
- The ceiling is so high that he can't touch it.
- It is such a high ceiling that he can't touch it.
- The ceiling is too high (for him) to touch
- The ceiling is not low enough (for him) to touch.
Not only had (did) +(فاعل + فعل) but (also). ....... as well
1-He wasted his money. He formed bad habits.
-He not only wasted his money but he also formed bad habits
-Not only did he waste his money but he also formed bad habits
Neither…..nor…. الفعل دائما في الفرد
1 - John is not Egyptian. Jane is not Egyptian
- Neither John nor Jane is Egyptian.
2-They don’t work hard. He doesn't work hard
- Neither they nor he works hard.
لاحظ
1 - Illiterate people can not read. They can not write.
Illiterate people can neither read nor write.
2 - He didn't give me money. He didn't find me work.
He neither gave me money nor found me work.
الجملة مثبتة ………and so فعل مساعد +فاعل
الجملة منفية…and neitherفعل مساعد +فاعل
1 - He is good at English and so am I.
2 -She speaks French well and so do they.
3 - He doesn't speak French well and neither do they.
14 Question Tag السؤال المذيل
يتكون من
(فاعل علي هيئة ضمير + فعل مساعد)
إذا كانت الجملة الرئيسية مثبتة يكون السؤال منفى والعكس
Study the following examples
1. She hasn't come, has she?
2. This shirt is very nice, isn't it?
3. He can't swim, can he?
4. They will be late, won't they?
5. She doesn't speak English, does she?
6. They didn't go to Luxor,did they?
7. You don't like swimming, do you?
8. They look like pyramids, don't they?
9. He gets up early, doesn’t he?
10. She worked in that school,didn't she?
11. I am right, aren't I?
12. I am not happy ,am I?
13. This is her car,isn't it?

15 Adjectives الصفات
المساواة

اسم1 + is + as + صفة as + اسم 2
=
اسم 1+ اسم2 are the same + اسم من الصفة

1. Safy is as tall as May. (the same)
…………………………………………………………………
2. Eman is as old as Nagwa. (age)
تذكر الصفات و الأسماء التالية

old – young = age
tall-short = height
big – small = size
heavy – light = weight
expensive – cheap = price
good – bad = level
red – black = colour
المقارنة

اسم1 + is (صفة er +than ) اسم2
(more + صفة )
=
اسم2 + is +( not as(so) + صفة + as) +اسم1

1. His bag is not as heavy as mine. (less) ( heavier )
…………………………………………………………………
التفضيل
مفضل is + ( the صفةest ( جهة التفضيل
(most صفة )
No التفضيل + is (as صفةas) مفضل
(moreصفة than)
1. Rania is the tallest pupil in our classroom. (taller/tall/ short)
…………………………………………………………………
لاحظ التالي
The + صفةer (فاعل +فعل ) , the صفة er + (فاعل +فعل )
* The more books you read, the more information you get
The faster you drive, the earlier you arrive.
- If you study more , you will get high marks . (The)
…………………………………………………………………

(فاعل + have never + pp ) such a / an صفة + موصوف
=
This is (the صفةest / most صفة ) فاعل + have ever + pp )
1. I've never read an interesting story like this (most)
…………………………………………………………………
2. He was so interested in the book that he read it twice. (interesting)
…………………………………………………………………
نستخدم best – most - most of all بدون the إذا سبقها فعل
I like swimming best.
She enjoys music most.
16. Modal Verbs الافعال الناقصة

اى فعل ناقص +المصدر) ) مضارع
اى فعل ناقص + (have + p.p.) ماضى

1- He is definitely rich. (must)
…………………………………………………………………
2- He is quite possible he is clever. (could )
…………………………………………………………………
3- I think he was definitely in Europe. ( must)


17 Degrees of necessities
درجات الإلزام
(have to =must = has to + المصدر ) مضارع مثبت
(do not have to /does not have to / needn't + المصدر ) مضارع منفى
(had to + المصدر) مثبت ماضى
(did n't have to / need n't have +pp) ماضى منفى

لاحظ التالي
(have to... has to)
= It is necessary for...to.
(don't have to… doesn't have to)
= It is not necessary for ….. to
Do …have to ?= Is it necessary for to...?
Does...have to?
had to ... =It was necessary for us to.
will have to.= it will be necessary
1- It was necessary for him to see a doctor, (had to)
2- Was it necessary for him to go to hospital last week? (Did he)
19. THE PRONOUNS الضمائر

فاعل مفعول صفة ملكية ضمير ملكية انعكاسي
I me my…. mine myself
We us our… ours ourselves
You you your. yours yourself
He him his his himself
She her her hers herself
It it its ….. itself
They them their theirs themselves
One oneself
ضمير الفاعل يأتي قبل الفعل مباشرة -
(with) ضمير المفعول ياتىبعد الفعل مباشرة أو حرف الجر
نستخدم الاسم المملوك قبل صفة الملكية و بعد ضميرها -
( of) نستخدم ضمير الملكية بعد -
لاحظ-
By + انعكاسي = alone
on صفة الملكية own / without any help
STUDY THE FOLLOWING
1 - I can answer without my help . ( by)
I can answer by myself .
2- They were injured in an accident .
( themselves)
They injured themselves in an accident.
3- She let people cheat her . ( herself)
She let herself be cheated .
4-We had a good time in Mansura .
( ourselves)
We enjoyed ourselves .

Have /Have got

have = own = possess = have got

do have ? = have got ?
does have ? = has got ?

do not have = have not got
does not have = has not got
1. They don't have any children. (got)
.............................................................................
2. The house hasn’t got a garden. (doesn't)

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Professor
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ربنا يبارك فيكم
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العلم والايمان
الله يبارك فيك
عدلى العبيدى
thankssssssssssss
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Thanks a lot
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ممتااااااااااااااااااز
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